ANKARA
Sign languages emerge through a natural process in deaf communities just as verbal languages do, after a language community is formed, according to a linguist.
“Sign languages are perceived as the translated language of verbal language, on the contrary, they are independent,” Zeynep Acan Aydin, a linguist at Hacettepe University, told Anadolu Agency, as the world marks International Day of Sign Languages on Monday.
“Sign languages have unique set of universal features that are different from all verbal languages,” Aydin said, adding that speakers may prefer various dialects and variations depending on their age, educational level, gender and social status.
She said the first thing that comes to mind about deafness is the loss of an ability.
“Thus, sign language is seen as a substitute language, something inadequate and primitive, and that grammatical features are not like verbal languages; pantomime and gestures are perceived as a tool that provides poor communication.
“However, hand signs in sign languages are conventional, there is a conventionality between the speakers,” Aydin stressed.
Talking about an object in verbal language creates the same picture in speakers’ minds, but speakers cannot give meaning to a word without knowing its meaning in mutual communication, Aydin said, adding: “The word 'house', for example, is realized by simulating two hands on the roof of a house in Turkish Sign Language [TID], but without knowing that it is a house, it can be thought as a triangle or something else.”
Difference between hearing-impairment, deafness
Hearing impairment is the loss of hearing of an adult individual due to old age or for any biological reason, on the contrary, a deaf individual is the native speaker of a sign language, Aydin said.
Language cannot be separated from culture. Native speaker in a sign language community is not only a speaker, but a part of a cultural and social group.
“A child -- who does not suffer from hearing loss biologically or physiologically but grows up with that mother tongue [sign language], becomes a cultural deaf individual,” she added.
Among several linguistic minorities in Turkey, who have their own mother tongues, deaf community must also be considered as a linguistic minority, Aydin stressed.
Language acquisition of deaf
For language acquisition, language input is a must, Aydin said, stressing that hypothetical language-acquisition device -- a module of the human mind posited to account for children's innate predisposition for language acquisition -- is not unique for any particular language.
“This device does not only provide verbal languages, but the prerequisites are also the same for sign languages. Whichever input the child receives; a process begins which results in the acquisition of that language,” she added.
Aydin stressed that deaf children who do not receive language input until critical age, sometime between age 5 and puberty, language acquisition becomes much more difficult and ultimately less successful.
“When an adult individual begins to learn sign language, he speaks his mother tongue much more fluently than a sign language that a deaf child learns in adolescence,” she added.
“Semi-linguistic state of the individual, lack of mother tongue is a factor affecting cognitive development,” Aydin said, stressing that semi-linguistic individuals have difficulty to create conceptual models.
“Therefore, this individual cannot be expected to learn to read and write effectively,” she added.
Educational issues
Acquiring sign language as a mother tongue, deaf children must learn to write verbal language of the community they live in, Aydin said, stressing that written language is a need in all walks of life from daily chores to education at all ages.
Written language is a second language and it is complicated for deaf individuals to learn it, Aydin said.
“For example, I was sent to China, to a place where I didn’t know its language, and registered to a school as soon as I arrived. I was taught in Chinese and expected to write Chinese. However it is surreal expectation, the situation of the deaf children is somewhat similar,” she concluded.
According to the World Federation of the Deaf, there are approximately 72 million deaf people worldwide. More than 80% of them live in developing countries.
The UN General Assembly has proclaimed Sept. 23 as the International Day of Sign Languages in order to raise awareness of the importance of sign language in the full realization of the human rights of people who are deaf.
The first International Day of Sign languages was celebrated in 2018 under the theme “With Sign Language, Everyone is Included!”.
